Strengths and Weaknesses of Genetic Testing Term Paper

Strengths and Weaknesses of Genetic Testing - Term Paper Example It has the ability to detect the problem precisely and bears a huge potential. Advancements in the field would bring a great future in the medical care. However, some societal responses towards the genetic testing are not entertaining. Genetic testing is basically a most modern technique of checking genetic disorders in which direct enzymes and other proteins have been taken. Genetic testing is used for various reasons that are career screening, pre implantation genetic diagnosis, prenatal diagnostic testing, newborn screening, genealogical DNA test, predictive and pre symptomatic testing, forensic testing and parental testing. There are various types of genetic testing that are newborn screening, diagnostic testing, carrier testing, prenatal testing, pre implantation genetic diagnosis, predictive and pre symptomatic test, forensic testing, parental testing, research testing and pharmacogenomics. Newborn screening test is done just inspection of DNA molecule, proteins and definite metabolites have been taken for the detection of hereditary diseases such as genotypes, mutation and phenotypes. Biochemical tests are also included in genetic testing in which microscopic testing of stained or fluorescent chromosomes and gene product as after the birth of baby for checking genetic disorder phenylketonuria (mental illness) and congenital hypothyroidism (disorder of thyroid gland). Diagnostic test is a genetic testing can be done in a whole life of a person. It is done when physical mutation and its symptoms appear. Carrier testing is done to check in both of the parents who carry genetic mutation and after checking that the tests give information regarding the risk of having a child with the same genetic mutation. Prenatal testing is done before the birth of child. It detects transformations in fetus genes before the birth of child. After this test people gets information regarding the risk to having baby. In addition, after that test they decide whether to give birth to baby or abort. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is done on human embryos in vitro fertilization process. Predictive and presymptomatic testing is done to check that type of genetic mutations that appear after birth such as cancer (Sequeiros and Guimaraes, 2008). In predictive testing, the tests give information regarding the developing chances of the same mutation, which your ancestors (genes) have but not find in you while testing. In presymptomatic test, the test give information that genetic mutation will appear in the person or not. Forensic tests are done for recognizing the person uses DNA sequences such as for catching the thief and for creating relationships among people e.g. paternity. Parental testing is used for recognizing the similar inheritance pattern among related individual by using DNA markers. Moreover, through these DNA markers u can easily test the parent individually. Re search testing is done to know that how genes work. Pharmacognomics test is done for checking the changing in genes after using drugs. A normal human may have 20,000 to 25,000 genes in their genomes. A little mutation in the genes may result in cancer or could be as little as retardation (Imgargano, 2009). Genetic testing has many types. Among these types, the commonly known is the parental genetic testing, which involves the detection of any genetic mutation before the birth of the child. However, the detection method is quite risky and can be a reason for the miscarriage. Introduction: Genetic testing is the possible future tool for the medical care. If advantages are considered, the genetic testing may be a helpful tool in recognizing a person’

Miss Julie Essay Example for Free

Miss Julie Essay This play is mainly about two characters one who is obviously Miss Julie and the other Jean. Miss Julie is a twenty-five-year-old tragic heroine. The other major character Jean is a thirty-year old valet who is chosen as Miss Julie’s lover. There are other characters such as Christine and Serena who are relatively minor characters. The setting for this play takes place in a kitchen of the Count’s manor house on a Midsummer’s Eve. In the beginning of the play it starts off with Julie dancing in the kitchen. Christine goes on to say that the reason she is rambunctious is because she is realizing that her engagement is broken. With this rambunctious behavior Julie begins to flirt with jean. Although Jean does not love Julie he still plays along with Julie, saying kind words to Julie that were not from his heart. Later on that night Jean and Julie sleep together. Then just like that after they have slept together Jean pretends like nothing ever happened and tells Julie he doesn’t love her. Enraged by this act of cruelty Julie confesses that she hates men. Later when the gossip is out Julie is ashamed of herself and is terrified of the consequences of the count. Julie then has no one else to run to for help except Jean, so she asks him what she should do and that she would do any thing for him to get her out of this mess. Terrified of the count Julie tells Jean to pretend he is the count and to hypnotize her. Jean does this but when he hypnotizes her he commands Julie to her death. Miss Julie the play has a straight forward message to the audience. The message is to all women saying to them to not give in very easily into a mens words. For example I have an uncle who always would tell me to always tell beautiful things to girls even if you don’t mean it because they fall for that. I personally never liked doing such acts, but for a lot of men out there this is a common strategy. Women should never give into a man very easily because that just tells the man that they have no respect for themselves. The play Miss Julie reminded me of my cousin and her boyfriend Ben. I pictured Jean in the play as Ben and Julie as my cousin, because even though Ben is dating my cousin it is obvious he does not love her. Just like Jean only pretended he loved Julie. Finally when my cousin realized he did not love her she also like Julie became enraged and gained hatred towards men. To this day my cousin would care less if she is single or not. Today in society I would say the problem with a lot young unwed girls getting pregnant in this day in age is due to the fact that they are not respecting themselves. This example reminds me of Julie how she did not respect herself in the play. Julie gave her heart to jean and jean shattered it in to pieces by just using Julie and then acting like nothing ever happened. One concrete statistic to prove that teenage pregnancy is getting out of control is from the Center of Disease: they say that one third of girls get pregnant before they are twenty (Teen Pregnancy). Miss Julie was a great play. It was though out very well by August Strindberg. One note to add about the play is that it had a lot of good messages to give to the audience. The Characters in this play were very easy to get into. Overall Miss Julie had a lot of positives to it and should be a play everyone should go to.

Impact of Censorship

Impact of Censorship   Sydney Lau   What would put our freedoms in danger? The First Amendment states Congress Shall make no Law Respecting an Establishment of Religion, or prohibiting the Free Exercise Thereof, or Assemble, and to Petition the Government for a Redress of Grievances. Censorship is the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc, that are considered obscene, poetically unacceptable or a threat to security. I disagree with censorship because it will stop companies from innovating products and services that individuals would have to pay for. Also it will take our human rights away and passing the bill SOPA will take freedom of the internet away. Piracy helps companies innovate products and services that individuals would have to pay for. Software is too expensive for young, hardworking students. The next generation will have a huge impact on the economic contribution, so its important the young individuals learn the software, but how can the individual learn the software if one cannot afford it. A young graphic designer working for a local designer agency said, Software is just too expensive, Students and young professionals such as Sarah pirate software they need in order to build up their professional skills and knowledge. Having experience with certain types of software is key to landing jobs in Singapores increasingly competitive job atmosphere. (Online Piracy Is Not Harmful) A company behind some of the most pirated software programs in the world finally caught on to the piracy problem and did something ingenious. Adobe introduced monthly subscriptions at reasonable prices for students, individuals, and businesses. Now theres less of a need to pay $1,000+ on software that you subscribe to for less than $100 a month. (Online Piracy Is Not Harmful) if companies had prices for their products at a fair price then there would be no reason for customers to pirate products; Netflix is a good example of this.   Netflix: With 40 million global subscribers and growing, Netflix has succeeded despite piracy because it gives consumers what they want, TV shows movies anytime, anywhere. For one low monthly price. At least to consumers outside of Singapore anyway. (Online Piracy Is Not Harmful) Censorship will take our human rights away. There have been incidents where companies tried to make profits from Authoritarian governments by selling software and hardware. Weve seen cases where companies, products, and services were used as tools of oppression. A few years ago, the headlines were about companies turning over sensitive information about political dissidents. A company was shutting down the social networking accounts of activists in the midst of a political debate. Todays news stories are about companies selling the hardware and software of repression to authoritarian governments. When companies sell surveillance equipment to the security agency of Syria or Iran or, in past times, [Libyan dictator Muammar] Qadhafi, there can be no doubt it will be used to violate rights. (Clinton) There have been many cases where citizens in different countries that have censorship were put into detention center for expressing their opinion. In Syria, a blogger named Anas Maarawi was arrested on July 1st after demanding that President Asad to Leave. He still remains in detention. (Clinton). On top of that, censorship would leave doors open for governments to over power. Government could upend the current internet governance framework in a quest to increase their own control. Some governments use internet governance issues as a cover for publishing an agenda that would justify restating human rights apply online. (Clinton) Furthermore, passing the Bill SOPA would take our internet freedom away. SOPA will not contribute much success to stopping online fraud, but instead take away the core features of the internet. Bill is designed to address the problem of online content fraud and counterfeiting, is fundamentally flawed because it targets search engines, Internet service providers, ad and payment networks-all of which are crucial to Internet functioning (Scola).   Not only would the bill likely do little to address the problem of online content fraud and counterfeiting, but it takes aim at the core features of the Internet that have contributed a great deal to the American economy. (The Stop Online Piracy Act Threatens Internet Freedom and Does Not Protect Property Rights) Private companies would abuse power with the bill SOPA in place. that the bill gives the government and private companies unprecedented powers to remove websites on the flimsiest of grounds. The Electronic Frontier Foundation called the bill a dangerous wish list. The nonprofit Center for Democracy and Technology in Washington said SOPA would cause broad collateral damage to freedom of expression and privacy. (Ingram) Hollywood and the big record labels would oppose this. These companies claim that theyre taking huge losses, and believes the Bill SOPA should be passed, but a recent study conducted by Bart Cammaerts showed that was false. Hollywood achieved record-breaking global box office revenues of $35 billion USD [US dollars] in 2012, a 6% increase over 2011. Music: Declining sales of recorded music were offset by increasing revenue from live performances and growing digital revenues, including streaming services. In 2012, some 34% of revenue globally. In addition, worldwide sales of recorded music increased in 2012 for the first time since 1999. Therefore, censorship will stop companies from innovating products and services that individuals would have to pay for, also will take our human rights away and passing the bill SOPA will take freedom of the internet away.   Piracy helps young, working, students develop new skills in the world to contribute to the economy. On top of that its also important to protect our human rights listed in the first Amendment, and lastly, placing the Bill SOPA would only take away our internet freedom by removing uniform resource locator removing (URL). By placing censorship law, those laws would take our rights away that are granted to us, lets fight to keep those!

Free Essays on Homers Odyssey: Penelopes Enduring Faithfulness :: Odyssey essays

Penelope's Enduring Faithfulness in Homer's Odyssey Penelope, the wife of Odysseus, can be contrasted in various ways to the other characters in Homer's poem The Odyssey. In many ways, Penelope embodies the "ideal" woman, in that she conforms to the values and ideals of her society. These ideals include faithfulness, loyalty, willpower, long-suffering, pride in one's home and family, and hospitality to strangers. The majority of the other characters in the poem lack one or more of these attributes. Although Odysseus proves to be a character of strong will and determination throughout the Trojan War and the trials he endured at sea, he demonstrates weakness and wavering resolve when he is faced with sexual temptation. For example, when enticed by Circe to "mingle and make love," Odysseus submits to her appeals and enters her "flawless bed of love," thus committing adultery against his wife Penelope (Book X). When Circe tells Odysseus to remain with her, he "could not help consenting." Odysseus remains with Circe and continues to be unfaithful to Penelope for the duration of a year. It is only after hearing the appeals of his men that Odysseus decides to head back out to sea. Later, Odysseus has another adulterous relationship with the nymph Kalypso. This relationship endures for seven years. Throughout his stay on Kalypso's island, Odysseus weeps for Penelope, yet he continues to lie with Kalypso every night (Book V). In contrast, Penelope exemplifies tremendous will power and resourcefulness in that she remains faithful to Odysseus throughout his exile. While awaiting her husband's return, Penelope endures perpetual insolence and sexual advances from the suitors who invade her household. Penelope rebuffs the advances of the suitors and remains a devoted and faithful wife. Deferring the suitors is no easy task; therefore Penelope is very resourceful and goes to great lengths to postpone marriage to one of them. She puts the men off for three years by promising to marry one of them upon her completion of a burial shroud for her father-in-law, Laertes. In order to delay the completion of the shroud, she unravels her work every night (Book II, p. 223). Penelope also privately sends promises to each of the suitors in order to divide them so that they will not unanimously demand a decision from her as to which one she

An Insight into Academic Writing Essay

Authors Gerald Graff and Cathy Berkenstein claim in their book, They Say, I Say, that academic writing is not about â€Å"playing it safe and†¦ piling up truths and bits of knowledge,† like many people assume. Rather, it is about the dynamic interaction between other people’s points of view and the author’s response to those perspectives. In chapter one of Graff and Berkenstein’s book they emphasize the necessity of balance when implementing certain writing â€Å"moves,† specifically, when introducing a counter-view, summarizing other’s arguments, and when quoting someone else’s words. Graff and Berkenstein contend that by opening an argument with an explanation of what the thesis is responding to–introducing a counter-view–gives the main point clarity and relevance. They encourage stating the opposing view or assumption initially so that it will define and explain what the thesis is addressing. But, they also caution the writer not to bloat their introduction with extraneous information for fear of losing the audience’s focus and engagement. What Graff and Berkenstein suggest, then, is that â€Å"as soon as possible you state your own position and the one it’s responding to together, and that you think of the two as a unit. † Basically, they insist that the best way to give a â€Å"genuine response to other’s views† during academic writing is to have a balance between introducing what â€Å"They Say† (the opposing point of view) and what â€Å"I Say† (the writer’s response). If being in a constant dialogue with others’ positions is essential to arguing persuasively, as Graff and Berkenstein claim, â€Å"then summarizing others’ arguments is central to [the writer’s] arsenal of basic moves. † All too often during a summary, writers will provide their own opinions on an article’s topic rather than revealing what the article is actually stating. On the opposite extreme, there are the writers who â€Å"do nothing but summarize,† which dilutes their own views in an ocean of someone else’s ideas. Graff and Berkenstein remind us that a â€Å"good summary requires balancing what the original author is saying with the writer’s own focus. † In other words, an exceptional summary contains the perspective of the original author, while emphasizing the points the responding author wants to address. One of the best ways to initiate an effective argument is not only to summarize what they say, but to quote their exact words. According to Graff and Berkenstein, â€Å"Quoting someone else’s words gives a tremendous amount of credibility to your summary and helps ensure that it is fair and accurate. † By quoting someone else’s exact statement it serves as a proof of evidence that you are not just fabricating another’s claim, but that you are disclosing their true ideas. Like introducing a counter-view and summarizing, quoting requires that you find an ideal balance between the quantity of quotes and content of commentary. A common issue with quoting is when the author assumes the quote speaks for itself. As Graff and Berkenstein, quotes are like literary orphans that have been taken from their original context, â€Å"they need to be integrated into their new textual surroundings. † In simpler terms, a quote needs to be introduced, interpreted, and then connected to the central idea. I found chapter one of Graff and Berkenstein’s book, â€Å"They Say,† to be extremely interesting and useful. The way they tied all their information to a central idea, while explaining how to do just that fascinated me. I felt like their writing had a constant flow from introduction of a move, to implementing balance, to common problems, how to fix those problems, and then to exercises that would reinforce their primary concepts. Their style and content kept me engaged and focused. Also, I learned a handful of writing tactics, like introducing a counter-view, summarizing, and inserting quotes, that I was not one-hundred percent sure on how to do prior to the reading. Overall, I found the chapter to be engaging, informative, and beneficial to me and my writing style.

Reading Literature Vocabulary Essays

Reading Literature Vocabulary Essays Reading Literature Vocabulary Paper Reading Literature Vocabulary Paper we are using these clues context clues These are in the text surrounding a word and give hints for the meaning of the word. They are called ___ controlling The _____ idea of a passage is the idea which is dealt with and recurs throughout the passage. cultural elements This includes language, ideologies, beliefs, values, and norms. These elements help to shape the life of a society. cultural setting This is the phrase for the set of values, beliefs, and opinions shared by a group and surrounding the author at the time of her writing. definition Usually found in a dictionary, this tells you the meaning of a word or phrase. denotation the literal definition detail piece of info used to support main idea dialouge words spoken by characters diction This is the writers choice of words, including the vocabulary used, the appropriateness of the words, and the vividness of the language. direct characterization When a character is revealed by clear descriptions by the author, this is called _____ characterization. dynamic a character that changes in a story euphamism This is the substitution of an agreeable or non-offensive phrase for one that might be unpleasant or offensive. event This word means anything that happens to or is done by a character in a story. evidence information that supports a though or belief experience the name for what is gathered through the process of living fiction writing about imaginary characters and events figurative language goes beyond the literal meanings of words to create special effects or feelings flashback This is a scene, a conversation, or an event that interrupts the present action to show something that happened in the past flat character character that is not fully developed formal language This kind of language usually has longer sentences and a greater variety of words than everyday speech. Slang, contractions, and jargon are avoided. historical context the setting and circumstances in which a literary work is written or an event occurs. historical setting This is the political, social, cultural, and economic time and place surrounding the creation of a literary text. idiom a phrase in common use that can not be understood by literal or ordinary meaninga implied meaning a suggested but not stated definition indirect This is when an author reveals a person in the story through his/her words, thoughts, appearance, action, or what others think or say about him/her. It is called ___ characterization. inference This is reading between the lines. It is taking something that you read and putting it together with something that you already know to make sense of what you read. You make an _____. informal language This is what people use in everyday speech. It usually consists of fairly short sentences and simple vocabulary. It is called _______ speech or language informal text This is a type of real-world writing that presents material that is necessary or valuable to the reader. internal conflict when a character has a problem within his or herself jargon This refers to the language of a specialized type, usually dealing with a narrow area of study or knowledge. It has a slightly negative connotation, and can imply that the language is mere word play literal meaning This is the ordinary, usual, or exact meaning of words, phrases, or passages. No figurative language or interpretation is involved. literary summary A _____ summary is a synopsis of the events, characters, and ideas in a work of literature. main idea the central and most important idea of a passage media means of mass communication medium a way of communicating information motivation This is the wants, needs, or beliefs that cause a character to act or react in a particular way. mystery This is a genre that often includes detectives and a crime that must be solved. myth This is a traditional tale about gods, goddesses, heroes, and other characters. mythology This is a body or collection of tales belonging to a people and addressing their origin, history, deities, ancestors, and heroes. It explains the actions of gods and goddesses or the cause of natural phenomena and includes supernatural elements. nonliteral This is when the meaning is NOT exact or word for word. It is figurative and it requires interpretation. opinion This is an expression of an authors personal belief. It is not something that can be proved to be true or false. paraphrase This is the restatement of a written work in ones own words that keeps the basic meaning of the original work. person vs self This describes the type of conflict when the leading character struggles with himself/herself; with his conscience, feelings, or ideas. perspective This is a writers or speakers point of view about a particular subject, and is often influenced by their beliefs or by events in their lives. plot a series of events that happens in a literary work point of view This is the perspective from which a story is told. It is the way the author lets the readers see and hear the story; who tells the story quote If you repeat the words someone else has said or written, you ______ them. scene This is a small division of a play that usually happens in a particular time and place. sequence the order in which events are told in a story sequencing This is arranging things in order so they can be numbered or related in a connected series. setting the time and place of a story shakespeare He was a great poet and playwright during the English Renaissance. His works include Romeo and Juliet, The Tragedy of Macbeth, and many sonnets. source this is a person, book, document, website or record that provides information. or A research __________ is any material that can be used to locate information about a given topic. static A _________ character does not change during the course of the action. structure This refers to a writers arrangement or overall design of a literary work. It is the way words, sentences, and paragraphs are organized to create a complete work. summarize to state breifly support to strengthen or prove an argument or idea by providing facts, details, examples and other information or To strengthen your ideas and opinions with examples, facts, or details is to add _____ details supporting evidence These are the facts or details that back up a main idea, theme, or thesis. technical writing This is writing that communicates specific information about a particular subject, craft, or occupation. tension This is a form of suspense or potential conflict. It can occur between characters or arise from general situations. theme This is the message, usually about life or society, that an author wishes to convey through a literary work. thesis The main point or central idea that a writer states and then endeavors to prove is called a ____. thesis statement This is the the main idea of an essay, usually expressed as a generalization that is supported with concrete evidence. tone This is the attitude that an author takes toward the audience, the subject, or a character. topic This is the specific part of a subject that is dealt with in a research paper or in an essay. traditional text This is the CONVENTIONAL means of relating a story or information-generally in print format like novels or storybooks. It includes CLASSIC stories such as myths and folktales. universal theme this is the central message of a story, poem, novel, or play that many readers can apply to their own experiences, or to those of all people. viewpoint This is a writers opinion or standpoint on an issue word choice This is another way of saying diction. This can help reveal a) the tone of the work, b) connotations of meaning, and/or c) his style of writing. or This is the authors or speakers craft or style. It might be formal, informal, or even slang. Diction is a synonym. analogy this is a comparison based on a similarity between things that are otherwise dissimilar authors purpose the reason for creating written work categorical claim This is a blanket statement about something. It is used to as a strategy to convince readers of the truth of the writers position. It is called a __________ claim. Chronological Order This is the arrangement of events in the order in which they occur. Circular When two ideas are used to prove each other, we call this ________ reasoning. Claim When an author makes a ____, (s)he is stating something which might or might not be true. It must be argued. Clarify This is to clear up or to make information more understandable: to explain. Counter Argument This is an argument that makes an opposing point to another argument. It expresses the view of a person who disagrees with your position. Deductive Logic This is the process of forming a specific consequence from general observations. Directions These are the instructions that tell how to do something. Either-Or Fallacy Technique This propaganda technique is also called black-and-white thinking because only two choices are given. You are either for something or against it; there is no middle ground or shades of gray. It is used to polarize issues, and negates all attempts to find a common ground. Evidence This is information that supports a thought or belief. Explicit Directions Directions that are clearly stated are also called ______. Fact This is a statement that can be proved to be true or false. It is not an opinion. Fallacious Reasoning This is reasoning based on false or invalid arguments. Fallacy This is a false or mistaken idea or statement. Implied Meaning This is a suggested, but not stated, definition. In-text Citation This phrase refers to the documentation of information within the body of a paper: when you provide information about the source within your paper. Literal This is an exact word-for-word meaning, without exaggeration. Literary Narrative This is a collection of events that tells a story, which may be true or not, placed in a particular order and recounted through either telling or writing. Logical Fallacy This is a part of an argument that is flawed and makes the argument invalid, an error in reasoning. Logical Order This refers to the way that ideas and details are arranged in a piece of writing. Multiple Meaning This is when one word has more than one definition. Order Of Importance This is used when details are organized by degree of impact. Organization In writing, this is the process of ordering, structuring and presenting information. It is called the _____ of the text. Paragraph This is a section in a piece of writing that discusses a particular point or topic. It always begins with a new line, usually with indentation. Persuade This is to convince Persuasive Appeal This is a type of writing or speech that attempts to convince a reader to think or act in a particular manner. Persuasive Techniques These are techniques used to convince. They include repetition, sentence variety, understatement, and overstatement. Persuasive Text This type of text attempts to convince a reader to adopt a particular opinion or course of action. Phrase This is a group of words used as a single part of speech. Purpose This is an authors intention, reason, or drive for writing the piece. Question And Answer This is a way to organize paragraph or composition structure in which the author poses a question then answers it. Refine This is to make improvements to a piece of writing. Relevant When something closely relates to a subject it is called _________ to the subject. Rhetorical Strategy This is a plan an author uses to effectively deliver the intended message in written work. Series This is a list of three or more items, usually separated by commas. Speech This is a talk or public address. Supporting Sentence A _____ sentence helps to clarify, describe, explain, or enhance the main idea of a paragraph. Valid This is a statement that is sound or just, well-founded. Validity This of a source means the accuracy of the information. Is it up-to-date, written by a reliable author, contained in a reputable publication, and directly related to the topic?