French Verb Mood

Mood (or  le mode  in French) refers to the verb forms that describe the attitude of the speaker toward the action/state of the verb. In other words, mood indicates how likely or factual the speaker believes the statement to be. The French language has six moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative, participle, and infinitive. Personal Moods In French, there are four personal moods.  Personal moods make a distinction between grammatical persons; that is, they are  conjugated. The table below lists the name of the mood in French in the first column, followed by the English translation of the mood in the second column, an explanation of the mood in the third column, and then an example of its use and the English translation in the final two columns. La Mode Mood Explanation Example English Translation Indicatif Indicative Indicates a fact: the most common mood je fais I do Subjonctif Subjunctive Expresses subjectivity, doubt, or unlikelihood je fasse I do Conditionnel Conditional Describes a condition or possibility je ferais I would do Impratif Imperative Gives a command fais-le! do it! Impersonal Moods There are two impersonal moods in French. Impersonal moods are invariable, meaning that they do not distinguish between grammatical persons. They are not conjugated, but  instead, have a single form for all persons.   La Mode Mood Explanation Example English Translation Participe Participle Adjectival form of the verb faisant doing Infinitif Infinitive Nominal form of the verb, as well as its name faire to do As is often the case in French, there is an important exception to the rule that impersonal moods are not conjugated: In the case of  pronominal verbs, the  reflexive pronoun  must  change to agree with its subject. Reflexive pronouns are a special kind of French pronoun that can only be used with  pronominal verbs. These verbs need a reflexive pronoun in addition to a  subject pronoun  because the subject(s) performing the action of the verb are the same as the object(s) being acted upon.   Tenses vs. Moods In French, as in English, the difference between moods and tenses can vex those learning the language, as well as native speakers. The difference between tense and mood is very simple. Tense indicates the when of the verb: whether the action takes place in the past, present, or future. Mood describes the feeling of the verb, or more specifically, the speakers attitude toward the action of the verb. Is s/he saying that its true or uncertain? Is it a possibility or a command? These nuances are expressed with different moods. Moods and tenses work together to give verbs a precise meaning. Each mood has at least two tenses, present, and past, though some moods have more. The indicative mood is the most common—you might call it the normal mood—and has eight tenses. When you conjugate a verb, you do so by first choosing the appropriate mood and then adding a tense to it. To gain more understanding of moods versus tenses, take a few minutes to review  verb conjugation and verb timeline for more information about how tenses and moods fit together.

The Destruction Of Igbo Culture The African Perspective

The Destruction of Igbo Culture: The African Perspective When the colonization of Africa by European nations began during the late 1800s, the African tribes could do little to resist their culture being destroyed. As a result, Europe wrote much of African history during the colonial period of Africa. In this version of African history, African tribes were looked down upon as primitive and savage as they did not have many of the advancements of European culture. This narrow portrayal of African culture motivated Chinua Achebe, a man of the Igbo nation in Nigeria, to write his landmark novel Things Fall Apart (published in 1959), to not only tell the African perspective of their colonization, but also as a way of showing that his culture was not simple and straightforward to understand; it was intricate and dynamic. Forty-nine years after the publication of Things Fall Apart, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie published her short story â€Å"The Headstrong Historian†. The story has the same setting as Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, and begi ns at the time when missionaries had first come to Africa to convert Africans to Christianity. The short story delves further into one aspect of Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, which is how changing religion can cause separation from culture, while showing criticism of Achebe’s portrayal of women and the ending of his novel. In Igbo society, unmasking one of the egwugwu (a man impersonating one of the ancestral spirits of the village) is the equivalent ofShow MoreRelatedThings Falll Apart by Chinua Achebe1082 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat village man is highly respected in the Igbo tribe of Umuofia. Although, Okonkwo is highly respected by the Igbo people, they are fearful of him because of his violent anger. When the Europeans arrived in Umuofia, they brought with them a new religion: Christianity. The Westerners changed Umuofia, destroyed tradition and destroyed Okonkwo. Things Fall Apart is a great novel recognised for its impact on the world’s understanding of Africa and African people. The novel’s English translation enabledRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Okonkwo1678 Words   |  7 PagesLevel Two Questions: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Okonkwo embodies all the ideal and heroic traits of the Igbo culture. He is strong, authoritative, hardworking, and successful. The opening sentence states that â€Å"Okonkwo was well known throughout the nine villages and even beyond† (Achebe 3). Okonkwo is great and famous because of his â€Å"solid personal achievements† (Achebe 3). How does he achieve greatness and how is he defined by his culture? Okonkwo first achieved fame and recognition when he became the village’s wrestlingRead MorePostcolonial Literature (Persepolis Things Fall Apart)1504 Words   |  7 Pagesinferior through western perspective and both texts, even though reinforce colonialists’ oppressive ideology, don’t stand completely against the colonialists and fault their own culture. They present the themes of dislocation on how western influences changes, religious, social and economical aspects in the Igbo and the Iranian society. ‘Things fall Apart’ presents an African response to British imperialism in contrary to Joseph Conrad’s ‘Heart of Darkness’, which presents African as â€Å"savage†. As saidRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe740 Words   |  3 Pagesand they largely portrayed Africans as savages who needed to be enlightened by Europeans. For example, Joseph Conrads classic tale Heart of Darkness (1899), one of the most celebrated novels of the early twentieth century, presents Africa as a wild, dark, and uncivilized continent. In Mister Johnson (1939), which in 1952 Time called the best novel ever written about Africa (Cheerful para. 15), Irishman Joyce Carys protagonist is a semieducated, childish African who, on the whole, reinforcesRead MoreList Of Major Characters In Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1345 Words   |  6 PagesEzinma: Okonkwo’s favorite kid, understanding, Okonkwo wishes she was a boy Mr. Brown: White missionary, brings peace and understanding to the Igbo people, builds schools and hospitals 4. List of Minor Characters: Ekwefi: Second wife of Okonkwo, mother of Ezinma, ran away from first husband Reverend James Smith: Replaces Mr. Brown, strict, wipes away culture and tradition Obeirka: Old and close friend of Okonkwo, guide and mentor to Okonkwo Uchendu: Younger brother of Okonkwo’s mom, foilRead MoreThings Fall Apart Best Qoutes1148 Words   |  5 PagesThis daring perspective brought to the world the figure of Okonkwo, a powerful and respected village elder who cannot single-handedly repel the invasion of foreign culture into his village. The book has been taught in a variety of contexts from cultural history to anthropology to literature and world history classes. Its application to such a number of fields reveals its historical importance in the world. Things Fall Apart  is a tragic and moving story of Okonkwo and the destruction of the villageRead MorePostcolonial Literature: Uncovering Western Myths Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesAfrica has been the embodiment of european perspectives before and after the Colonialism; these perspectives have attempted to provide insights on the facts behind it. In those terms, Africa has been reduced an atmosphere of concepts such as deep darkness, mystery, and madness, a place in which attrocities arise at any time of the day, and people are savages and chaotic. From that colonialist viewpoint, Africa was a place that needed help and control urgently in order to save it form itself and civilizeRead MoreAntigone Iriola Analysis1129 Words   |  5 Pagesclearly can be classified as an heir of Orlando. The story is both written by and in the perspective of a Nigerian woman. As Orlando touches upon issues of identity and misogynistic cultures, so does Unigwe. Newly-widowed Nneka was physically a bused throughout the duration of her marriage to Okpala, who raped her on their wedding night and caused her to have a miscarriage. It does not appear that Nigerian culture values survivors of domestic assault, as Nneka’s experiences remain secretive. AdditionallyRead MoreAnalysis Of Things Fall Apart 1817 Words   |  8 PagesCrystal Wu Ms. Johns Honors English 3-4 12 August, 2016 Things Fall Apart 1. Okonkwo endeavors to measure up to the traditional Igbo standards of masculinity, for which his culture highly regards and esteems. Epitomizing and personifying the ideal heroic qualities in the Igbo culture, an industrious Okonkwo experiences not only social but financial success which is driven and fueled by a passion of loathing â€Å"everything that his father Unoka had loved† (13). His idle, imprudent father owes nearlyRead MoreThings Fall Apart Essay2440 Words   |  10 Pages(1958) is a fictional novel by Chinua Achebe that examines the life the Igbo tribe living in a rural village called Umuofia in Nigeria during the early 19th century. The central values of the novel revolve around status, virtues, power, and traditions that often determine the futures and present of the characters in the Achebe story. The novel shows the life of the protagonist Okonkwo and his family, village, and Igbo culture and the affects of colonisation of Umuofia on him and the people of h is

Comparison of Dutch Economy and German Econmy in Last 30 Years Free Essays

Comparison of Economic Growth between The Netherlands and Germany (1978-2009) Introduction About 16 years ago, when European Community became European Union(hereinafter to be referred as EU) , the Netherlands and Germany, as two founding members of the EU, have been played an important role in European and world’s economy. When talked about Dutch economy, East indies company must be a start. As the first company in the world, it helped the Netherlands to be the leader of world’s economy seventeenth century and to build Dutch entrepreneurship. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Dutch Economy and German Econmy in Last 30 Years or any similar topic only for you Order Now The capital city of the Netherlands, Amsterdam, use to be the financial and business centre of the world. Later, Dutch economy has seen by many declined for a while. But, since 1980s, dutch government has reduced intervention, dutch economy become more prosperous and open again. To the east of the Netherlands, Germany stands in the central europe, as the largest national economy in Europe, ranked fourth by nominal GDP and fifth by GDP (PPP) in the world in 2008. After the industrialization, this country has become a driver and innovator in global economy. Especially when west and east Germany unified in 1990, the country’s economy went out from the recession after second war’s big hit. Compared these two countries’ economic development, there are a lot similarities and differences due to its close position in Europe continent, culture background, and even history. This paper is organized as follow. Section 2 introduces briefly the concepts of economic growth and the key concepts in measuring economic development, section 3 explains how rule of law effect economic development in the Netherlands and Germany, section 4 presents the relationship between income distribution and economic development, section 5 describes cultural influence on economic development, section 6 consists of examples of successful entrepreneurship in the Netherlands and Germany, section 6 deals with the technology factor in economy in the two countries. Section 8 comprises comparison and conclusion. Section 1 1. 1 To start with the comparison,we need to define what economic growth is and the key concepts of economic development. At first, the economic growth we are going to study is long-run economic growth. Long-run economic growth is the growth of what an economy is able to produce given its labour force, knowledge, technology, tools, machines, land. It is not about the growth of what an economy actually produces, that type of economic growth is short-run economic growth. Economic growth implies increases in per-capita real gross domestic product (GDP), namely widening of the production scale in a country as a whole, or more efficient use of its economic resources to produce goods and services(Kibritcioglu, 2001). Real GDP is the value of final goods and services produced in a given year when valued at constant prices. It is the best measure of total production and the increase in real GDP is used to measure economic growth, as by comparing the value of the goods and services produced at constant prices we can measure the change in the quantity of production (Parkin, 2008, pp. 91). 1. 2 figures in the Netherlands and Germany Figure 1: GDP growth in percentage in the Netherlands and Germany(1978-2007) [pic] Source: WDI(world development indicators) online 2007, the World Bank Group Figure 2: GDP growth per capita in percentage in the Netherlands and Germany(1978- 2007) [pic] Source: WDI(world development indicators) online 2007, the World Bank Group Fi gure 1 and figure 2 show the annual GDP growth and GDP per capita growth in percentage in the Netherlands and Germany from 1978 to 2007. As in figure 1 and figure 2, from 1978 to 1982, the Netherlands and Germany both suffered an economics recession, with the annual GDP growth in percentage declining from 2. 33% in 1978 to -1. 21% in 1982 in the Netherlands and 3. 01% in 1978 to -0. 39% in 1982 in Germany. Then the Netherlands and Germany both experienced fluctuations in GDP growth. Especially in 1990, the Netherlands had a sharp rise from -1. 21% in 1990 to 4. 42% in 1989 and Germany experienced a sharp increase in 1990 from -0. 39% to 5. 26%, which is the highest growth rate for Germany in last 30 year. Afterwards, it shows a different trend between the Netherlands and Germany. The GDP growth declined to 1. 26% in 1993 and raised again till 4. 68% in 1999, while German GDP growth declined to 2. 01% in 1999 steadily. In the next 10 years, Dutch growth rate decreased till 0. 08% again as the lowest rate and then the rate slowly went up and became steady in recent years. Germany also showed the same pattern but the rate is lower than the Netherlands in general. Though the figures, we can see the Netherlands and Germany have a lot common in GDP growth rate and GDP per capita growth rate. Economy in these two countries are likely to be steady. Only in some year like 1982, 1990, 1993, 1999, 2002, it showed a sharp rise or decline. So, what happened in these remarkable years? What caused the difference in growth rate between the Netherlands and Germany? In the following sections we will discuss four key concepts related to economic growth in order to see through these problems. Section 2 2. 1 Economic freedom Economic theory indicates that economic freedom affects incentives, productive effort, and the effectiveness of resource use(de Haan,2000). We start with definition of the economic freedom:â€Å"Individuals have economic freedom when (a) property they acquire without the use of force, fraud, or theft is protected from physical invasions by others, and (b) they are free to use, exchange, or give their property to another as long as their actions do not violate the identical rights of others†(Gwartney et al. , 1996). Moreover, the key indicators of economic freedom are personal choice, voluntary exchange coordinated by markets, freedom to enter and compete in markets, and protection of persons and their property from aggression by others (Robert, 2006). In this paper, we use the indicators of the Fraser Institute. Gwartney et al. (1996) choose 17 measures and rate a high number of countries on each of these measures on a scale of 0–10, in which zero means that a country is completely unfree and 10 means it is completely free. The measures are in four broad areas: Money and inflation; Government operations and regulations; ‘Takings’’ and discriminatory taxation; and International exchange(de Haan,2000). 2. 2 Figures analysis Figure 3: level and ranking of economic freedom of the Netherlands(1970-2006) [pic]Source: freetheworld. om 2008, The Fraser Institute Figure 4: level and ranking of economic freedom of Germany(1970-2006) [pic] Source: freetheworld. com 2008, The Fraser Institute Though these two figures, we can see the Netherlands and Germany had the same pattern during last 30 years and they both got a high rate, which means they were both free to a large extent in economy. After 1980, the rate in the Netherlands was a little higher than the rate in Germany, but both are very stable. Compared with the rest of the world, the economy in the Netherlands and Germany are comparatively free. . 3 Results After we look though the GDP growth rate and economic freedom rate, we found there is a relationship between those two figures. More economic freedom fosters economic growth, but that the level of freedom is not related to growth. In other words, our findings suggest that more economic freedom will bring countries more quickly to their steady state level of economic growthif they are below that level. , but that the level of steady state growth is not affected by the level of economic freedom(de Haan and Sturm, 1994). And always the countries with more economic freedom can achieve higher levels of GDP per capital and grow faster (Lawson Moor Chair, 2006). So we can say high economic freedom rate do contribute to high GDP growth rate, and steady economic freedom also has a positive effect on economic growth. Section 3(income distribution) 3. 1 income distribution Section 4 (Culture) 4. 1 Culture As Hofstede said the world is full of confrontations between people, groups, and nations who think, feel, and act differently. At the same time, these people, groups, and nations, are exposed to common problems that demand cooperation for their solution(2004, p2). Those confrontations and cooperation are called culture. Using the Hofstede’s â€Å"Onion† model to depicts four cultural concepts: symbols represent the most superficial and values the deepest manifestations of culture, with heroes and rituals in between(2004, p6). Economic development will not stop at national borders. Globalization also require us to deal with culture differences and all the countries should work more closely than ever. 4. 2 Dimensions of Culture Five dimensions were frequently used to measure culture difference: power distance(PDI), the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally(Hofstede, 2004, p46); Individualism(IDV), pertains to societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family(Hofstede, 2004, p76); Masculinity(MAS): A society is called masculine when emotional gender roles are clearly distinct(Hofstede, 2004, p120); Uncertainty Avoidance(UAI), the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations(Hofstede, 2004, p167); Long-term Orientation(LTO), the fostering of virtues oriented toward future rewards, in particular, perseverance and thrift(Hofstede, 2004, p210). Following is the index scores of Germany and the Netherlands, compared with the World’s average. Figure 5: Culture d imensions’ index scores of Germany(1967-2001) [pic] Note: The Germany’s Index Scores:PDI=35, IDV=67,MAS=66,UAI=65,LTO=31 Sources: from IBM data base(1967-2001),except LTO from original Chinese Value Survey database(2005) Figure 6: Culture dimensions’ index scores of the Netherlands(1967-2001) [pic] Note: The Netherlands’ Index Scores:PDI=38, IDV=80,MAS=14,UAI=53,LTO=44 Sources: from IBM data base(1967-2001),except LTO from original Chinese Value Survey database(2005) Figure 7: Culture dimensions’ average index scores of the World(1967-2001) [pic] Note: The world’ Average Index Scores:PDI=55, IDV=43,MAS=50,UAI=64,LTO=45 Sources: from IBM data base(1967-2001), except LTO from original Chinese Value Survey database(2005). According to the figures above, we can see PDI in these two countries are lower than average,which means people in these two countries are more equally treated than the rest of the world. For IDV index, the Netherlands and Germany are both societies with more individualistic attitudes, people there are more self-reliant and look after themselves or their close family members, also, individual pride and respect are more highly held values than world’s average. When talked about uncertainty avoidance, Germany scored a little higher than the Netherlands, which shows it’s a country will reduce the level of uncertainty by enhancing laws, policies and regulations to avoid unknown circumstances. In LTO, the Netherlands scores higher than Germany, which indicates its long-term oriented culture. But compared with the world’s average,the Netherlands and Germany scored more or less in above four dimensions, except in Masculinity, the Netherlands got a lowest score at 14 among its dimensions which indicates a lower level of differentiation and discrimination between men and women. In Netherlands, women are treated more equally than Germany. Though every country has its own culture background,economic development will not stop at national borders. Globalization requires us to deal with culture differences and work more closely with other countries than ever. Nuclear warfare, global warming, poverty, AIDS, even recent economic recession are all good examples for global cooperation. Section5 (Entrepreneurship) Reference Kibritcioglu, A. and S. Dibooglu, ‘Long-run Economic Growth: An Interdisciplinary Approach,’ Office of Research Working Paper No. 01-0121, University of Illinois 2001 (http://www. business. uiuc. edu/Working_Papers/papers/01-0121. pdf ): Parkin, M. (2008). Economics(8th ed). Boston: Pearson Education. J. De Haan and J. -E. Sturm, On the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth, European Journal of Political Economy 16(2000), pp. 215–241. Gwartney, J. , Lawson, R. , Block, W. , 1996. Economic Freedom in the World, 1975–1995. Fraser Institute,Vancouver. Cowell, F. A. , 1999, â€Å"Measurement of Inequality† in Atkinson, A. B. and F. Bourguignon (eds) Handbook of Income Distribution, North Holland, Amsterdam. Hofstede, G. (2004) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill International. Wealth, Culture, and Corruption Bryan W. Husted and Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2 (2nd Qtr. , 1999), pp. 339-359 http://www. jstor. org/stable/155316 How to cite Comparison of Dutch Economy and German Econmy in Last 30 Years, Papers

Infrastructures of E-Commerce Strategy-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Infrastructures of E-commerce strategy. Answer: Infrastructures of e-commerce strategy: E-commerce now emerges as a gigantic manner so that every organization is now addicted to using it in order to manage the profit. Amazon, one of the biggest online shopping companies, can be a great example regarding utilizing the e-commerce technology. There are some infrastructures behind the whole procedures, and some layers are also there which is essential to be understood. Basically e-commerce business depends on the website, mobile application development where the company can connect with the customers. Amazon is also using this technique where 4 layers such as network technology substrate, transport and representation standard, middleware service and application layer situated or intermingled together to facilitate the technology in hand of the customers. As the internet started the journey, ecommerce got interlinked with it, and network technology substrate allows the customers to get the all resources as much as possible. Amazon Company builds the communication through web site and mobile application where network technology substrate layer, which is composed of the telecommunication network, helps to connect the terminal. It is a bunch or collection of the terminal nodes (Cariou et al., 2017). When customers want to communicate with the websites all these nodes enables message-switching, circuit switching to transfer the signals via correct links and nodes to derive the information. In the next layer, which is the transport and representation standard consists of TCP/IP protocol, is the set of rules or principle which allows one network to connect numbers of end users or numerous interconnected networks. The connection is made in this layer which allows the network technology substrate to get all the information available for the customers (Da Xu, He Li, 2014). Amazon Company using their portal by utilizing this two layers which are involved in connecting and building the networks. With the help of the internet, customers are now using all the resou rces at a time, and network technology substrate and transportation layer help to build and transport the information to the customers. Interlink between this two layers allow the middleware layer to perform in this part. Middleware layer just acts like glue which helps two layers to facilitate their works properly. It is basically a software through which all the information are performed or can be expressed to the customers. Middleware is the third party involvement, which helps to organize the databases between client end and company end and this is generally used to add the diversified software programs and enables them to talk or connect to each other (Nori et al,. 2016). All this procedures and layers ultimately get their destination or shape through the application layer, which is mainly the software or application. Customers use this layer or application to derive all the information, which they want. Application is the last layer where all the above three layers collected or are structured one by one to facilitate the information to their customers (Karagiannis et al,.2015). Amazon Company is using this infr astructure layer in their e-commerce business to allow the clients in order to promote their products or services References: Cariou, M., Potelon, B., Quendo, C., Cadiou, S., Schlaffer, E., Pessl, W., Le Fevre, A. (2017). Compact $ X $-Band Filter Based on Substrate Integrated Coaxial Line Stubs Using Advanced Multilayer PCB Technology.IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,65(2), 496-503 Da Xu, L., He, W., Li, S. (2014). Internet of things in industries: A survey.IEEE Transactions on industrial informatics,10(4), 2233-2243. Karagiannis, V., Chatzimisios, P., Vazquez-Gallego, F., Alonso-Zarate, J. (2015). A survey on application layer protocols for the internet of things.Transaction on IoT and Cloud Computing,3(1), 11-17.. Nori, A. K., Shukla, D., Christensen, Y., Krishnaprasad, M., Sedukhin, I. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 9,336,060. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.