Kennedy, Ted

Kennedy, Ted Kennedy, Ted (Edward Moore Kennedy), 1932â€"2009, U.S. senator from Massachusetts (1962â€"2009), b. Boston, Mass., youngest son of Joseph P. Kennedy and the last survivor of brothers Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., John F. Kennedy , and Robert F. Kennedy . A graduate of Harvard (1956) and the Univ. of Virginia Law School (1959), he served (1961â€"62) as an assistant district attorney in Massachusetts before being elected (1962) as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate. After the assassination of his brother Robert in 1968, he became the acknowledged leader of Senate liberals and served (1969â€"71) as assistant majority leader. His political future was clouded by the Chappaquiddick incident (July, 1969), in which Mary Jo Kopechne, a passenger in a car he was driving on an island near Martha's Vineyard, Mass., drowned when the car ran off a bridge. Kennedy's reputation recovered, however, and he became one of the legislature's most effective members. He spearheaded the passage of civil rights leg islation and a host of other bills and advocated such programs as national health insurance and tax reform. He was long considered a potential Democratic president, but withdrew in 1974 from the 1976 race and failed in a 1980 primary challenge to President Jimmy Carter . He chaired the Senate judiciary (1979â€"81), labor and human resources (1987â€"95), and health, education, labor, and pensions (2001â€"3, 2007â€"9) committees. Kennedy was the author of Decisions for a Decade (1968), In Critical Condition (1972), and the posthumously published memoir True Compass (2009). See biographies by W. H. Honan (1972) and A. Clymer (1999); studies by J. M. Burns (1976) and R. Sherrill (1976); B. Hersh, The Education of Edward Kennedy (1972) and The Shadow President (1997). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Ip Strategy For Greentech Ltd - 2342 Words

IP Strategy for Greentech Ltd in the area of Low Carbon Technology By Name Presented to Institution Instructor Course Date IP Strategy for Greentech Ltd in the area of Low Carbon Technology Executive Summary Modern businesses cannot survive if they are unable to create, exploit, while at the same time ensure that Intellectual Property (IP) is protected; RD efforts would be compromised, as well. In addition to the expertise provided by professionals, it is nowadays important for organizations to have an IP strategy, or an IP portfolio management process that is aligned to their business processes (Shultz 1996). A clear Intellectual Property Strategy is of significant importance as an organization seeks to develop and exploit†¦show more content†¦The proposed IP strategy is aimed at enabling Greentech Ltd to maximize its Research Division innovative outputs. Additionally, the strategy is targeted at enabling the acquisition of innovative ideas and research outputs of persons who are not employed by Greentech Ltd, and facilitation of entry of such ideas and other new ideas into the market at a faster rate. The paper is divided into three parts; Part I offers a brief background of G reentech Ltd current IP holdings and status, Part II outlines recommendations with regard to how Greentech should manage its current Intellectual Property Portfolio, while Part III describes a high quality IP strategy that Greentech will rely on in the management of any future innovations, especially in the area of Low Carbon Technology. Part One: Background and Introduction Background Greentech Ltd at present has various Intellectual Property holdings; it has, over the years licensed various technologies, specifically, it holds 20 licenses, from other parties as a way of enhancing its research projects. The company continues to pay, as is contained in the licensing contracts, royalties for all the 20 licenses; however, some of those IP holdings are no longer needed. Greentech Ltd has in the past

The Musical Show At Madison Square Garden Or Barclays Center

On Thursday, December 11 at 12:30 pm, I attended the musical show in Studio 312 of the Roosevelt Hall. It s not the typical performance expected when thinking about attending a concert. Most people of this generation would assume it s some performance by a famous artist at Madison Square Garden or Barclays Center. As the title explains, it is chamber music and is a different experience. As for the attire, everyone who took part of the performance were dressed in all black. There were various instruments used such as the harp, piano, viola, flute, guitar, clarinet, violin, and voices ranging from the soprano, mezzo soprano, tenor, and baritone. The flute, viola, and harp opened the program for the Chamber Music for Winds and More. It was an impeccable trio. I haven t ever actually heard a harp when it s at least 100 feet from me and I can say it was quite beautiful. The studio was not a very big one which worked to everyone s advantage. There wasn t a need for amps or speakers as the instruments were heard very clearly and experienced at its pure sound. The movement entitled â€Å"Siete canciones populares† was my favorite out of the entire show. Although the songs were not in English and in Spanish instead, they were still able to grab my attention. I ve actually heard that passively and actively listening to songs in other languages can help you retain the language. It s a gift for language or cultural learners. The mezzo soprano voice and piano accompanimentShow MoreRelatedPoverty, Violence, And Drugs1363 Words   |  6 Pagesshould be recognized by the city of New York. He is very arguably the face of New York. He represents Brooklyn like no other. Jay-Z deserves to be recognized with a monument because of his musical and entrepreneurial success, as well as never forgetting where he came from. There have been many great musical talents to emerge from Brooklyn such as Mos Def, Talib Kweli, and MC Lyte, but none of them have been as skilled and crafty as Jay-Z. From an early age Jay-Z had a love for music. His mother

Live by the foma (harmless untruths) that make you brave and kind and healthy and happy Free Essays

Foma, are an everyday part of life. No one knows if there truly was a person who created the earth and all its inhabitants, or if one person can start a whole new way of life with just one idea. One must live by certain foma, but at the same time a person must know which ones not to live by. We will write a custom essay sample on Live by the foma (harmless untruths) that make you brave and kind and healthy and happy or any similar topic only for you Order Now America itself is one giant foma. There are untruths about religion, family life, war, and society in general spread all across America today. Religions are foma in themselves, for it is not certain what a religion is based on, or if the stories of that religion are even true. People, not just in America, but all around the world believe in something that has not been proved. The family lives in America are also foma. There has not been an American family found in any historical account, in which the children were perfect. Humans are, and will never be perfect. The next major crisis in America is war. Terrorists are trying to attack the country, and they expect to do so just because the country is distracted by a few anti-war protests. No matter how hard people try to argue against war, it always happens, just like no matter how hard soldiers train, they will never be fully prepared for war. Lastly, society is one large foma. Social classes seem to be taking over America. The more money a person has, the more money that person will get. However, if another person has very little money, then his or her amounts of money will just keep decreasing. The way a person walks, talks and acts all contribute to the social status of that person, therefore determining his or her own destiny. Everyone lives by at least one foma, and family life is the most important one. Families all over the world have struggled to be the â€Å"perfect† family seen on television. But no matter how hard they try, it won’t happen. The trouble with the world being all lies, is that it is hard to find a truth to live by. However, there is one: all religions are lies. People do not go to church to make themselves better in the eyes of the Lord, God, etc. Today, prayer is used for the greed of society and not for how it was originally used, to cleanse society. Religion is not worth anything to a person who sees and understands how much of religion is a foma- all of it. No one can tell you what is a truth and what is a foma. People must decide for themselves, or their whole lives will turn into lies. There is a world full of lies, all because people do what others want them to do, just so they can fit into society. A society full of lies is not a society at all, but merely one large foma. How to cite Live by the foma (harmless untruths) that make you brave and kind and healthy and happy, Papers

Inmates Born In Jail Essays - Penology, Substance Abuse, Criminology

Inmates Born In Jail Substance abuse and addiction have changed the nature of America's prison population. Alcohol, drug abusers, addicts, and those who sell illegal drugs dominate state, federal prisons and local jails. Crime and alcohol and drug abuse go hand in hand. Much of the growth in America's inmate population is due to incarceration of drug law violators. With appropriate treatment for substance abuse and addiction, rehabilitation is possible for many of today's prisoners. Once they leave prison they also need continuing aftercare, education and job training. Without treatment and training, most will commit more crimes, get arrested and go back to prison. The choice is ours as well as theirs. Having a group counseling program consisting of 8 to 10 members and one or more trained Chemical Dependency Counselors would be beneficial. The purpose of the group is to provide a safe as well as a challenging place in which to work on personal and interpersonal concerns. Members can discuss their perception of each other and receive feedback on how others perceive them. Establishing trust allows group members to talk openly and honestly. Groups offer opportunity to experiment with different ways of communicating with others and a safe place to try new behaviors. They are able to give support and understanding, offer suggestions, or gently confront the person. Counselor and group members work together to establish trust and commitment to the group. Those who benefit most are usually those who take an active part in the process and who allow themselves to give and receive honest, helpful feedback. The following is information that I obtained from Lt. Kevin Peters at California Institute for Men. In 1980 the State of California had 12 prisons with 32,000 inmates. Today California has 33 prisons with 144,00 inmates. California Institution for Men (CIM) houses 6,500 of these inmates. Over 90% of the inmates at CIM are being incarcerated due to related alcohol and drug crimes. The average sentence is 41.4 months with inmates serving only 21.3 months. One inmate costs taxpayers approximately $232,291.00 for their 21.3 month incarceration, $150,000 for arrest and conviction, another $45,000 for additional bed and $21,470 for housing per year. CIM says 59% to 69% of the inmates are repeat offenders and have served time before. CIM feels it is just a place to house inmates and that there is no structure for rehabilitation. It is not their job to rehabilitate. CIM also states that the inmates have access to programs, such as AA, NA and Control of Substance Abuse for Mental Health. CIM feels that if an inmate wants to attend a program, it is available. It is not mandatory for them to attend and they cannot force an inmate to do so. The desire must be there for the inmate. Most inmates do not attend these programs since they are not mandatory. Most of the inmates dropped out of school due to substance abuse, the major contributing factor regarding their lack of interest in education. Additionally, many inmates come from poverty backgrounds. Why do we continue to release prisoners back to the community still using and still dealing, to commit further crimes and threaten our well-being and that of our children without treating the problem for which they went to prison? I feel that prisons would be a good place to develop the rehabilitation of offenders with substance abuse. The prison system needs to take on a mandatory substance abuse treatment program for all inmates incarcerated due to crimes related to drug use. Continuing to fund and build more prisons for housing offenders of drug abuse are a waste of taxpayers' money. Our prisons are full and the majority of inmates get early releases due to the problem of overcrowding, only to go out and commit more crimes. Drug addiction is a chronic disease. We treat people who have cancer, heart problems or any other disease. Although, the addicts have committed a crime, it doesn't change the fact that they have a disease, we must also treat those who have the disease of addiction. Looking over the different therapeutic community drug abuse treatment in prisons throughout the country, we may ask, why haven't all prisons adopted a program to treat inmates with an addiction on a mandatory basis? We must target these institutions because they house the parents of children and their child's future. If the parents are setting the example that drugs are okay and are doing time and repeated time, then what kind of future is in store for these children? Statistics show and

Review of «Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers Moral Reasoning» by James Weber

Review of  «Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers Moral Reasoning » by James Weber Introduction This write-up intends to review an article written by James Weber titled Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers’ Moral Reasoning. The main areas that this essay will tackle include: the basis of the article, the main points presented in the article and a critical evaluation of the article with reference to how well the article achieves its goals, shortcomings, possibilities suggested by the article and conclude with the most convincing points.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Review of  «Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers’ Moral Reasoning » by James Weber specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the article, Weber seeks to illustrate how to enhance Kohlberg’s Moral Judgment Interview and the Standard Issue Scoring Method by conducting an empirical study that uses four adaptations. The main purpose of the article was to illustrate that, there are ot her scientifically acceptable methods, which are, a modification of Kohlberg methods that can be utilized in the quest of enhancing the assessment of the level of moral reasoning for managers. Based on the evidence presented inform of discussions and sample interview questions, Weber was able to convince me on the applicability and generalization of his findings. Background information Conflict resolution in any organizational setting is an essential facet that ensures proper workplace relations, interactions and performance thus ensuring that organizational goals are met in due time. Weber in this article strives to provide better ways of assessing the manager’s level of reasoning with reference as to how they deal with emerging conflicts in the workplace. In order to critically evaluate the applicability, generalization and the internal validity of Weber’s empirical research, I will evaluate the nature and scope of his literature review, sample size, data collection tools, data presentation and analysis and discussions. Summary Weber has justified the relevance of assessing the level of moral reasoning for managers by indicating that managers are continuously faced with substantial conflicting issues in the work place thus, the need to assess their level of ethical and moral reasoning in dealing with such issues (293). Further, to justify for the need to come up with adaptation strategies that are relevant for assessing the moral reasoning for managers, Weber identifies the major shortcomings of Kohlberg instruments of moral assessment by indicating that, â€Å"Kohlberg’s objective was to assess the development of an individual’s moral reasoning from childhood to adult hood†, which is contrary to what Weber sort to assess (294).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Further, Weber has explained Kohlberg assertio n of the reasoning development stages as proconvetional, conventional and postconventional. Weber explains that, according to Kohlberg method of assessing the level of moral reasoning, this stages are relevant in the sense that they present an individual’s reasoning from childhood through to adult hood in relation to the environment that the inhabit (295-296). To test his hypothesis, Weber prescribes four adaptation strategies that build on Kohlberg’s methods. They include more moral dilemmas that are familiar to the client as opposed to familiar dilemmas, probe questions that expound on organizational values, written interviews, as opposed to oral interviews and a Standard Issue Scoring that is more particular on moral concepts (297-304). Weber’s findings indicate that when the managers’ moral reasoning were assessed based on familiar dilemmas, and unfamiliar dilemmas, the responses assessed indicated that familiar dilemmas scores were low and, that they were better placed to assess the level of moral reasoning. Results also indicate that more managers were willing to be interviewed through written interviews â€Å"97%† as opposed to the â€Å"50† response rate recorder for oral interviews (304). Further, the introduction of follow up questions that were related to organizational values was significant in evaluating the managers’ moral responses. Results also indicate that the inclusion of a Standard Issue Scoring tool that was centered on moral concept was insignificant (308). Critical evaluation The main agenda behind Weber’s article was to demonstrate that, there were other viable recognize scientific options other than the conventional Kohlberg moral reasoning assessment tools. Through a well though sample size for the two sets of interviews (oral and written), Weber was able to prove that more managers were inclined to written interviews as it took less time (304-305). Further, the inclusion of the used interview questions (Appendix A) and the use of correlation analysis were tremendously important in this study in order to indicate the differences between Weber’s adapted methods and the original Kohlberg methods. Therefore, the article was able to achieve its goals. The article suggests that, it is possible to come up with a Standard Issue Scoring method that is more competent than Kohlberg’s, by conducting more research on the tool.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Review of  «Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers’ Moral Reasoning » by James Weber specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He also suggests that, there is a possibility that, a researcher who uses his third adaptation (use of probe questions that focus on organization value) might not get the exact level of moral reasoning because, that adaptation requires careful considerations with reference to the type of que stions asked (308). Generally, the article indicates that, it is possible to use the four adaptations and arrive at a much better conclusion. The general format and presentation of the article was excellent; however, there were some minor shortcomings which included an extremely short literature review and a shallow discussion that had minimal comparison to other research findings on the same topic. Conclusion In conclusion, Weber’s article was exceptionally informative as it derived various convincing points such as it is possible to conduct better moral reasoning assessments for managers by using interviews in written form as opposed to oral interviews and using more familiar dilemmas as opposed to unfamiliar dilemmas. The article also acknowledges that, organizational values have a lot of bearing on how managers resolve conflicts and that a more consistent Standard Issue Scoring tool needs to be developed. Weber, James. â€Å"Adapting Kohlberg to enhance the assessment o f managers’ moral reasoning.† Business Ethics Quarterly 1.3 (1990): 293-318. Print.

Biography of Emilio Aguinaldo, Filipino President

Biography of Emilio Aguinaldo, Filipino President Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 22, 1869–February 6, 1964) was a Filipino politician and military leader who played an important role in the Philippine Revolution. After the revolution, he served as the new countrys first president. Aguinaldo later commanded forces during the Philippine-American War. Fast Facts: Emilio Aguinaldo Known For: Aguinaldo served as the first president of the independent Philippines.Also Known As: Emilio Aguinaldo y FamyBorn: March 22, 1869 in Cavite, PhilippinesParents: Carlos Jamir Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy-AguinaldoDied: February 6, 1964 in Quezon City, PhilippinesSpouse(s): Hilaria del Rosario (m. 1896–1921), Marà ­a Agoncillo (m. 1930–1963)Children: Five Early Life Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was the seventh of eight children born to a wealthy mestizo family in Cavite on March 22, 1869. His father Carlos Aguinaldo y Jamir was the town mayor, or gobernadorcillo, of Old Cavite. Emilios mother was Trinidad Famy y Valero. As a boy, he went to elementary school and attended secondary school at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, but had to drop out before earning his high school diploma when his father passed away in 1883. Emilio stayed home to assist his mother with the familys agricultural holdings. On January 1, 1895, Aguinaldo made his first foray into politics with an appointment as Cavites capitan municipal. Like fellow anti-colonial leader Andres Bonifacio, he also joined the Masons. Philippine Revolution In 1894, Andres Bonifacio himself inducted Aguinaldo into the Katipunan, a secret anti-colonial organization. The Katipunan called for the removal of Spain from the Philippines by armed force if necessary. In 1896 after the Spanish executed Jose Rizal, the voice of Filipino independence, the Katipunan started their revolution. Meanwhile, Aguinaldo married his first wife, Hilaria del Rosario, who would tend to wounded soldiers through her Hijas de la Revolucion (Daughters of the Revolution) organization. While many of the Katipunan rebel bands were ill-trained and had to retreat in the face of Spanish forces, Aguinaldos troops were able to out-fight the colonial troops even in a pitched battle. Aguinaldos men drove the Spanish from Cavite. However, they came into conflict with Bonifacio, who had declared himself president of the Philippine Republic, and his supporters. In March 1897, the two Katipunan factions met in Tejeros for an election. The assembly elected Aguinaldo president in a possibly fraudulent poll, much to the irritation of Bonifacio. He refused to recognize Aguinaldos government; in response, Aguinaldo had him arrested two months later. Bonifacio and his younger brother were charged with sedition and treason  and were executed on May 10, 1897, on Aguinaldos orders. Internal dissent seems to have weakened the Cavite Katipunan movement. In June 1897, Spanish troops defeated Aguinaldos forces and retook Cavite. The rebel government regrouped in Biyak na Bato, a mountain town in Bulacan Province, northeast of Manila. Aguinaldo and his rebels came under intense pressure from the Spanish  and had to negotiate a surrender later that same year. In mid-December 1897, Aguinaldo and his government ministers agreed to dissolve the rebel government and go into exile in Hong Kong. In return, they received legal amnesty and an indemnity of 800,000 Mexican dollars (the standard currency of the Spanish Empire). An additional 900,000 Mexican dollars would indemnify the revolutionaries who stayed in the Philippines; in return for surrendering their weapons, they were granted amnesty and the Spanish government promised reforms. On December 23, Aguinaldo and other rebel officials arrived in British Hong Kong, where the first indemnity payment of 400,000 Mexican dollars was waiting for them. Despite the amnesty agreement, the Spanish authorities began to arrest real or suspected Katipunan supporters in the Philippines, prompting a renewal of rebel activity. Spanish-American War In the spring of 1898, events half a world away overtook Aguinaldo and the Filipino rebels. The United States naval vessel USS Maine exploded and sank in Havana Harbor, Cuba, in February. Public outrage at Spains supposed role in the incident, fanned by sensationalist journalism, provided the United States with a pretext to start the Spanish-American War on April 25, 1898. Aguinaldo sailed back to Manila with the U.S. Asian Squadron, which defeated the Spanish Pacific Squadron in the Battle of Manila Bay. By May 19, 1898, Aguinaldo was back on his home soil. On June 12, 1898, the revolutionary leader declared the Philippines independent, with himself as the unelected president. He commanded Filipino troops in the battle against the Spanish. Meanwhile, close to 11,000 American troops cleared Manila and other Spanish bases of colonial troops and officers. On December 10, Spain surrendered its remaining colonial possessions (including the Philippines) to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. Presidency Aguinaldo was officially inaugurated as the first president and dictator of the Philippine Republic in January 1899. Prime Minister Apolinario Mabini headed the new cabinet. However, the United States refused to recognize the new independent government. President William McKinley claimed that doing so would be at odds with the American goal of Christianizing the (largely Roman Catholic) people of the Philippines. Indeed, although Aguinaldo and other Filipino leaders were unaware of it initially, Spain had handed over direct control of the Philippines to the United States in return for $20 million, as agreed to in the Treaty of Paris. Despite rumored promises of independence made by U.S. military officers eager for Filipino help in the war, the Philippine Republic was not to be a free state. It had simply acquired a new colonial master. Resistance to American Occupation Aguinaldo and the victorious Filipino revolutionaries did not see themselves as the Americans did, as half-devil or half-child. Once they realized they had been tricked and were indeed new-caught, the people of the Philippines reacted with outrage. On January 1, 1899, Aguinaldo responded to the American Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation by publishing his own counter-proclamation: My nation cannot remain indifferent in view of such violent and aggressive seizure of a portion of its territory by a nation which has arrogated to itself the title Champion of Oppressed Nations. Thus it is that my government is disposed to open hostilities if the American troops attempt to take forcible possession. I denounce these acts before the world in order that the conscience of mankind may pronounce its infallible verdict as to who are the oppressors of nations and the oppressors of mankind. Upon their heads be all the blood which may be shed! In February 1899, the first Philippines Commission from the United States arrived in Manila to find 15,000 American troops holding the city, facing off from trenches against 13,000 of Aguinaldos men, who were arrayed all around Manila. By November, Aguinaldo was once again running for the mountains, his troops in disarray. However, the Filipinos continued to resist this new imperial power, turning to guerrilla war after conventional fighting failed them. For two years, Aguinaldo and a shrinking band of followers evaded concerted American efforts to locate and capture the rebel leadership. On March 23, 1901, however, American special forces disguised as prisoners of war infiltrated Aguinaldos camp at Palanan on the northeast coast of Luzon. Local scouts dressed in Philippine Army uniforms led General Frederick Funston and other Americans into Aguinaldos headquarters, where they quickly overwhelmed the guards and seized the president. On April 1, 1901, Aguinaldo formally surrendered and swore allegiance to the United States. He then retired to his family farm in Cavite. His defeat marked the end of the First Philippine Republic, but not the end of the guerrilla resistance. World War II Aguinaldo continued to be an outspoken advocate of independence for the Philippines. His organization, the Asociacion de los Veteranos de la Revolucion (Association of Revolutionary Veterans), worked to ensure that former rebel fighters had access to land and pensions. His first wife Hilaria died in 1921. Aguinaldo married for a second time in 1930 at the age of 61. His new bride was 49-year-old Marà ­a Agoncillo, the niece of a prominent diplomat. In 1935, the Philippine Commonwealth held its first elections after decades of American rule. Then 66, Aguinaldo ran for president  but was soundly defeated by Manuel Quezon. When Japan seized the Philippines during World War II, Aguinaldo cooperated with the occupation. He joined the Japanese-sponsored Council of State  and made speeches urging an end to Filipino and American opposition to the Japanese. After the United States recaptured the Philippines in 1945, the septuagenarian Aguinaldo was arrested and imprisoned as a collaborator. However, he was quickly pardoned and released, and his reputation was not too severely tarnished. Post-War Era Aguinaldo was appointed to the Council of State again in 1950, this time by President Elpidio Quirino. He served one term before returning to his work on behalf of veterans. In 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal asserted pride in Philippine independence from the United States by making a highly symbolic gesture; he moved the celebration of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12, the date of Aguinaldos declaration of the First Philippine Republic. Aguinaldo himself joined in the festivities, although he was 92 years old and rather frail. The following year, before his final hospitalization, he donated his home to the government as a museum. Death On February 6, 1964, the 94-year-old first president of the Philippines passed away from coronary thrombosis. He left behind a complicated legacy. Aguinaldo fought long and hard for independence for the Philippines and worked tirelessly to secure veterans rights. At the same time, he ordered the execution of his rivals- including Andres Bonifacio- and collaborated with the brutal Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Legacy Although Aguinaldo is today often heralded as a symbol of the democratic and independent spirit of the Philippines, he was a self-proclaimed dictator during his short period of rule. Other members of the Chinese/Tagalog elite, such as Ferdinand Marcos, would later wield that power more successfully. Sources â€Å"Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy.†Ã‚  Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy - The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War (Hispanic Division, Library of Congress).Kinzer, Stephen. The True Flag: Theodore Roosevelt, Mark Twain, and the Birth of American Empire. St. Martins Griffin, 2018.ï » ¿Ooi, Keat Gin.  Southeast Asia a Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO, 2007.Silbey, David.  A War of Frontier and Empire: the Philippine-American War, 1899-1902. Hill and Wang, 2007.